شاعر ایرانی تبار سبک هندی: عنایت خان آشنا | ||
| تاریخ ادبیات | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 18، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 89، اسفند 1404، صفحه 146-176 اصل مقاله (680.56 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/hlit.2025.241593.1430 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| ناصر رحیمی* 1؛ سید مسعود هاشمی کاسوائی2 | ||
| 1استادیار زبان و ادبیّات فارسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیّات فارسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این مقاله به بررسی زندگی عنایتخان آشنا (۱۰۸۱ - ۱۰۳۷ هـ.ق) شاعر فارسیگوی قرن یازدهم میپردازد و با استناد به منابع دست اوّل و نزدیک به عهد شاعر، به روش تحلیل تاریخی اطّلاعاتی دربارهٔ نام، تاریخ تولّد، زادگاه، پدر و مادر، همسر و فرزند، صورت ظاهر، مذهب و عقاید، ارتباط او با حکومت، وفات و خاکجای، و مشاغل شاعر به دست میدهد، و معلوم میدارد که عنایتخان تباری ایرانی دارد امّا در هند زاده و بالیده و هیچگاه به ایران نیامده است. جدّش خواجه ابوالحسن تربتی در عهد اکبرشاه گورکانی از ایران به هند رفته و به مقام وزارت رسیده است. پدرش ظفرخان نیز شاعر و اهل فضل و ادب بوده و مورد حمایت حاکمان زمان قرار گرفته و شاهجهان حکومت کشمیر را به او واگذاشته بوده است. مادر عنایتخان به نام بزرگخانم خواهرزادهٔ بانو ممتاز محل، ملکهٔ شاهجهان بوده است. بهسبب برخورداری از چنین پیشینهٔ خانوادگی و بهرهمندی از علم و فضل و ادب، عنایتخان مدّتی به مقام وزارت دربار نیز نائل آمد. از او بیش از چهار هزار و پانصد بیت شعر و یک کتاب نثر با نام ملخّص شاهجهاننامه باقی مانده است. کتاب مزبور مربوط به زمانی است که وی به ریاست کتابخانۀ سلطنتی رسید و تاریخ سی سالۀ سلطنت شاهجهان را از کتابهای مفصّل تاریخی آن عهد، تلخیص و عبارات آن را ساده کرد که مورد پسند همگان واقع شد. | ||
تازه های تحقیق | ||
| ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| عنایتخان آشنا؛ ظفرخان احسن؛ دیوان آشنا؛ شعر سبک هندی؛ شاعران عهد شاهجهان گورکانی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Iranian-born poet of Indian style: Inayat Khan Ashna | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Naser Rahimi1؛ Seyyed Masoud Hashemi Kasvaei2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran | ||
| 2PhD Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction This study examines the life of Inayat Khan Ashna (1627–1670), a Persian-speaking poet of the 11th century AH, drawing on primary sources and contemporary accounts. Through historical analysis, it provides detailed information on his name, date of birth, birthplace, parents, spouse and children, physical appearance, religion and beliefs, relations with the government, death and burial, and occupations. It establishes that Inayat Khan, despite being of Iranian descent, was born and raised in India and never visited Iran. His grandfather, Khwaja Abu al-Hasan Torbati, migrated from Iran to India during Akbar Shah’s reign and attained the position of minister. His father, Zafar Khan, was also a poet and a man of learning and literature, enjoying the support of contemporary rulers; Shah Jahan entrusted him with the governance of Kashmir. Inayat Khan's mother, Bozorg Khanom, was the niece of Banoo Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan’s queen. Benefiting from this distinguished family background, as well as his own literary and scholarly abilities, Inayat Khan eventually attained ministerial rank at court. Over 4,500 couplets of his poetry and one prose work, Molakhas-e Shah Jahan Nameh, have survived. This book, composed during his tenure as head of the royal library, summarizes thirty years of Shah Jahan’s reign from extensive historical sources, presenting them in a simplified language that was appreciated by contemporary readers. Literature Review In Dehkhoda’s lexicon, five lines are devoted to Ashna, two of which contain errors. Following that, a six-page article by Dr. Amir Hassan Abedi exists, yet it is neither comprehensive nor free of minor mistakes; its brevity leaves many aspects of the poet’s life unexplored. Two entries in The Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature in the Subcontinent - “Ashna Torbati Kashmiri” and “Ahsan Torbati” - offer more detailed accounts of Ashna and his father. However, compared to the present study, these entries exhibit shortcomings and errors, including: - The failure to calculate Ashna’s birth date and the onset of his poetic career - Misidentification of Ashna's mother, Bozorg Khanom, as the sister of Banoo Mumtaz Mahal, which has been corrected - Omission of the office he received in childhood and the period he governed temporarily on behalf of his father - Confusion of Molakhas-e Shah Jahan Nameh with Qarniya, treating them as a single work, whereas they are two separate compositions - Lack of information regarding his religion and beliefs - Absence of details concerning his spouse and children. Methodology To collect personal, professional, and literary information about Ashna, primary historical texts were first consulted, most of which were composed during the poet’s lifetime by authors close to his family, possessing precise knowledge of his circumstances. Subsequently, literary-historical sources, including tazkarehs, were examined to extract details about his literary life. Finally, Molakhas-e Shah Jahan Nameh, authored by Ashna himself, was studied to gain insights into his life and family. Four manuscripts of his diwan were also analyzed to uncover personal details and his relationships with other poets. Information from these sources was then thematically categorized under appropriate headings, with relevant poetic evidence incorporated where applicable. Discussion Inayat Khan Ashna was among the prominent thematic poets of the 11th century AH in the Indian subcontinent. Alongside poetry, he engaged in historiography, enhancing his scholarly reputation. Despite attaining civil and military offices and being related maternally and through his grandmother to the Mughal dynasty, enjoying recognition among the emperors due to his father’s and grandfather’s positions, much of his personal and literary life remained obscure, and even authoritative sources contain evident errors. This study aims not only to clarify these obscure aspects and correct previous mistakes but also to address the following questions: - What were the other dimensions of Inayat Khan’s life as a historian and poet with political and military roles? - Why and to what extent was he trusted by Shah Jahan? 5) Conclusion The life and literary contributions of Inayat Khan Ashna largely remained obscured due to several factors, including being born in India and never visiting Iran, as well as contemporaneity with leading poets such as Saeb, Kalim, and Salim, whose fame overshadowed him. Due to his father’s and grandfather’s status, he attained an office at the age of seven unprecedented for any child, advancing through military ranks and assuming administrative positions such as Darughi-e Dagh, ultimately reaching Darughi-e Huzur, a position reserved for trusted nobles, given that his grandfather served as minister under Jahangir Shah and his father was a Mughal commander. His mother, Bozorg Khanom, was the niece of Banoo Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan’s queen. Under Shah Jahan’s direct orders, he governed Kashmir on behalf of his father for nearly two years, and in the final year of Shah Jahan’s reign, he was appointed head of the royal library. As a commander, he oversaw 1,500 infantry and 200 cavalry, and during the succession conflict among Shah Jahan’s sons, he fought alongside his father in the army of the crown prince Dara Shikoh. Despite these political and military responsibilities, Inayat Khan continued to compose poetry, leaving nearly 5’000 couplets for posterity. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Inayat Khan Ashna, Zafar Khan Ahsan, Diwan of Ashna, poetry of Indian style, poets of the Shah Jahan of the Mughal dynasty | ||
| اصل مقاله | ||
|
| ||
| مراجع | ||
|
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 252 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 128 |
||