اخلاق فضیلت در آثار استاد مصباح یزدی و چالشهای بهسازی ژنی شخصیت | ||
| مطالعات میان رشته ای اخلاق | ||
| دوره 1، شماره 1، فروردین 1404، صفحه 67-90 اصل مقاله (1.58 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/jiethics.2025.240187.1010 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| محمدرسول ایمانی خوشخو* | ||
| گروه ادیان و عرفان، دانشکده الهیات و ادیان، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بهسازی ژنی شخصیت، یکی از شاخههای فناوری زیستی است که بهبود صفات شخصیتی به منظور اصلاح رفتار را هدف قرار داده است. از آنجا که هرگونه دخالت در ساختار روانی انسان با ماهیت و تکامل وجودی وی مرتبط بوده و امکان تضییع حقوق انسانی نسلهای بعد را محتمل میسازد، پیامدهای بهکارگیری این فناوری میتواند محور تأملات اخلاقی قرار گیرد. در این مقاله، با مبنا قرار دادن نظرات استاد مصباح یزدی دربارۀ ماهیت ارزش اخلاقی به عنوان تقریری از اخلاق فضیلت، چالشهای این حوزه بررسی شده است. بر اساس یافتههای این تحقیق، اگر بهسازی ژنی شخصیت با ضرورتبخشی به صدور افعال اخلاقی موجب تضعیف نقش ارادۀ فاعل شود و یا با حذف کامل میل به بزه و رذیلت، بستر لازم برای گزینشگری و انتخاب فضیلت را مختل سازد، آنگاه در مسیر فضیلتمندی ایجاد اختلال کرده و انسان را از تحقق بخشیدن به استعداد درونی خود محروم میسازد؛ همچنین، عدم شناخت وضعیت بهینه در اخلاق، چالشی دیگر است که فناوری بهسازی ژنی با آن مواجه است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| مهندسی ژنتیک؛ بهسازی ژنی؛ اخلاق فضیلت؛ فضیلتگرایی؛ ارادۀ آزاد؛ اختیار | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Virtue ethics in the works of Misbah Yazdi and the challenges of genetic enhancement of personality | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammad Rassol Imani Kohshkhoo | ||
| Department of Religions and Mysticism, Faculty of Theology and Religiious Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction:Today, due to remarkable advances in the field of genetic engineering, manipulations of the human genome pursue goals beyond treating genetic diseases, and biotechnology has placed human enhancement and the improvement of physical and personality traits among its long-term objectives. Despite this promising perspective, personality enhancement has also created ethical challenges. This article, based on the virtue ethics and drawing on the interpretation of Professor Mesbah Yazdi, addresses the question of whether genetic enhancement of personality can create a serious obstacle to virtuousness and jeopardize the process of moral development? Findings: The genetic enhancement of personality by stabilizing positive personality traits and moral virtues may face challenges by eliminating the foundation of free choice and dismantling the field of struggle with vices, as virtue is achieved through opposing base desires and choosing virtues in the battlefield of vices. Another problem that emerges in genetic enhancement of personality is the impossibility of identifying an optimal state in behavior and on the path to virtue. Unlike biological characteristics, it is not possible to speak of virtues being fixed in all circumstances; indeed, in some specific conditions a trait may be considered a virtue, while in other conditions it may not be. In such cases, no fixed criterion can be provided to identify moral virtues and to enhance human traits Discussion: Gene enhancement of personality is a novel method in biotechnology that enables manipulation of the human genome to improve personality traits and an individual's psychological characteristics. Despite offering remarkable opportunities in the field of personality gene enhancement, many bioethicists have voiced their opposition, citing concerns such as the creation of social disparities and discrimination, the emergence of unwanted and adverse physical and psychological side effects, the erosion of human values and personal identity, and the disruption of the natural balance and proportionality among people with different talents in society. Alongside these general concerns, another challenge addressed in this paper is the risks this new technology poses to virtuousness and the cultivation of virtues. Virtue ethics is one of the major schools in normative ethics that, instead of focusing on the consequences of actions or on duties and rules, concentrates on the individual's internal moral characteristics—or moral virtues—and aims to cultivate a benevolent, virtuous human. Virtue ethicists in the contemporary era have attempted to commit to the ancient Aristotelian tradition and to consider the nature of virtue in defining moral value, while also paying attention to the scope of action and the social arena, and linking virtue to the cultivation of good people and a healthy society. Professor Misbah Yazdi's view can be considered a reading of the school of virtue ethics in moral philosophy, which is based on Islamic teachings. From his perspective, a moral act is an act that lays the groundwork for the realization of human perfection, and its practice brings the moral agent closer to the perfection befitting his species. This realization and flourishing of talents is the ultimate happiness that the Holy Quran has interpreted as prosperity and salvation. From his perspective, virtue and moral value are formed when the moral agent, among all the actions he desires, chooses an action that is in line with the ideal perfection worthy of the human species. Therefore, the element of choice and freedom plays a fundamental role in realizing virtue. He also believes that all moral values are absolute and are not subject to individual taste or agreement, although the judgment regarding some subjects is qualified; this means that, relative to the specific conditions and constraints in which a subject is situated, moral value can vary. By adopting this definition of virtue and the core elements of virtuousness, the outcomes of applying genetic engineering in the realm of personality enhancement can be evaluated. Since free will and choice are among the key elements in the realization of virtue, directing human nature toward choosing virtues without free will raises the concern that the behavior produced by the individual would not qualify as a virtue and would have no effect on the person's moral perfection. On the other hand, any genetic manipulation requires a strategy to identify the superior and optimal state. In the moral domain, determining which trait is ethically optimal is difficult, because moral values have many explicit and implicit constraints that may change under different circumstances and turn a virtue into a vice; therefore, except in limited cases, one cannot speak of general moral principles that have a fixed moral value and count as virtues in all situations. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Genetic engineering, Genetic enhancement, virtue ethics, virtue theory, free will | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
ابن بابِوَیْه، ابوجعفر محمد بن علی بن حسین بن موسی (1393). من لایحضره الفقیه. ج2. تهران: دارالکتب الاسلامیه.
مدنی، انیسه و خزاعی، زهرا. «فضیلت اخلاقی و تصمیمگیری اخلاقی در پزشکی». اخلاق و تاریخ پزشکی، دوره 8، شماره 2، 1394.
مصباح یزدی، محمدتقی. (1383). فلسفه اخلاق. قم: انتشارات صدرا.
مصباح یزدی، محمدتقی. (1384 [الف]). نظریه اخلاق اسلامی. تهران: نشر صدرا.
مصباح یزدی، محمدتقی. (1384 [ب]). فلسفه اخلاق اسلامی: ج2. قم: انتشارات صدرا.
مصباح یزدی، محمدتقی. (1389). مبانی علم اخلاق. قم: دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی.
مصباح یزدی، محمدتقی. (1390). اخلاق کاربردی. تهران: انتشارات مؤسسه آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی.
مصباح یزدی، محمدتقی. (1393). اخلاق و تربیت. قم: انتشارات صدرا.
مک کبین، ج. (1385). مهندسی ژنتیک پایان طبیعت بشری. ترجمه. تهران: نشر علم.
Abramova, A., Abramova, V., Vetrov, V., & Aleshina, O. (2022). Genetic Determinism and the Problem of Moral Responsibility or is Morality Possible Without Freedom?. Wisdom, Andersson, A., Tuvblad, C., Chen, Q., Du Rietz, E., Cortese, S., Kuja‐Halkola, R., & Larsson, H. (2020). Research Review: The strength of the genetic overlap between ADHD and other psychiatric symptoms–a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(11), 1173-1183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13233 Breen, F. M., Plomin, R., & Wardle, J. (2006). Heritability of food preferences in young children. Physiology & behavior, 88(4-5), 443-447. Chen, B., Zhu, Z., Wang, Y., Ding, X., Guo, X., He, M., ... & Rao, Y. (2018). Nature vs. nurture in human sociality: multi-level genomic analyses of social conformity. Journal of human genetics, 63(5), 605-619. https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-018-0418-y Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A., Yang, J., Harris, S. E., Liewald, D., ... & Deary, I. J. (2011). Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Molecular psychiatry, 16(10), 996-1005. DeGrazia, D. (2016). Ethical reflections on genetic enhancement with the aim of enlarging altruism. Health Care Analysis, 24, 180-195. Foot, P. (2002). Virtues and vices and other essays in moral philosophy. Oxford University Press. Goldstein, D. B., & Cavalleri, G. L. (2005). Understanding human diversity. Nature, 437(7063), 1241-1242. https://doi.org/10.1038/4371241a Hartman, Robert S. (2002). The Structure of Value: Foundations of Scientific Axiology. Southern Illinois University Pres Kotze, M. (2018). The theological ethics of human enhancement: Genetic engineering, robotics and nanotechnology. In die Skriflig, 52(3), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v52i3.2323 Kraj, T. (2013). The role of virtue ethics in determining acceptable limits of genetic enhancement. Theological Research, 1(1), 109-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/thr.154 Kuhse, H., & Singer, P. (Eds.). (2009). A companion to bioethics (p. XIII). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. MacIntyre, A. (2007). After virtue: A study in moral theory (3rd ed.). University of Notre Dame Press. Macpherson, I., Roqué, M. V., & Segarra, I. (2019). Ethical challenges of germline genetic enhancement. Frontiers in Genetics, 10, 767. Ostrer, H. (2007). The case against perfection: Ethics in the age of genetic engineering. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(10), 2739-2739. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI33471 Resnik, David B, and Daniel B. Vorhaus, “Genetic Modification and Genetic Determinism”, Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 2006, 1:9. Russell, D. C. (Ed.). (2013). The Cambridge companion to virtue ethics. Cambridge University Press. Ward, R. C. (2017). Virtue in practice: the concept of virtue in Alasdair Macintyre (Doctoral dissertation, Dissertation, Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum, Faculty of Philosophy]. Research Gate. Wesseldijk, L. W., Ullén, F., & Mosing, M. A. (2023). Music and genetics. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 152. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 173 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 136 |
||