مطالعۀ ویژگیهای خشت در چهار بنای تاریخی کاشان | ||
| صفه | ||
| دوره 34، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 107، 1403، صفحه 107-137 اصل مقاله (1.7 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.48308/soffeh.2024.105153 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| فاطمه پارچه باف مطلق1؛ بابک عالمی* 2؛ امیرحسین صادقپور3 | ||
| 1مربی دانشکدۀ معماری و هنر، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران | ||
| 2نویسندۀ مسئول، دانشیار دانشکدۀ معماری و هنر، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار دانشکدۀ معماری و هنر، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| اهداف و پیشینه: خشت از انواع مصالح اصلی با منشأ خاک در آثار معماری گلی بهجامانده از دوران گذشته است و ایران در استفاده از این مصالح با تکیه بر معیارهای اقلیمی، از کهنترین و باسابقهترین کشورهاست. با گذشت زمان، کاربرد این مصالح کمتر و به آن بیتوجهی میشود، درصورتیکه بخش زیادی از ایران را مناطق گرم، خشک، و کویری تشکیل داده است و خشت همچنان یک مصالح ارزان، بازیافتپذیر، و اقلیمی با میزان دسترسی بالا در این مناطق است. بنابراین اهمیت شناخت این مصالح و تحلیل آن در دورانهای مختلف و بهرهگیری از تجارب گذشته دوچندان میشود. علاوهبراین پایداری و مانایی برخی بناهای خشتی تاریخی تا امروز، تحلیل و بررسی مصالح موجود در این ابنیه را ضروری میکند تا از تجارب گرانبهای ساختوپرداخت خشت در ادوار تاریخی بهرهگیری و روشهای نهفته در آنها آشکار شود. بههمیندلیل، میتوان گفت استفاده از خشت و بیان راهکارهای مقاومسازی آن، بدون بررسی و تحلیل کار گذشتگان، کارِ درست و اصولیای نیست و باید در وهلة اول، ویژگیهای شاخصِ ساخت این مصالح در ادوارِ مختلفِ تاریخی بررسی شود تا زمینهای برای ساخت این مصالح و انجام پژوهشهایی در مورد راهکارهای اصولی استفاده و مقاومسازی آنها باشد. بنابراین در پژوهش پیش رو با هدف شناخت ابعاد کمّی و هندسی خشتهای بهکاررفته در بناهای تاریخی ایران، به بررسی این مصالح در بناهای تاریخی متعلق به دورههای مختلف شهر کاشان، با عنوان نمونهای غنی از بافتهای تاریخی کشور، پرداخته شده است. مواد و روشها: روش تحقیق کمّی و مبتنی بر مطالعات میدانی و فعالیتهای آزمایشگاهی است. آزمایشها به سه دسته تقسیم میشوند. دستة اول، آزمایشات پایه شامل چگالی، وزن مخصوص، درصد رطوبت، دانهبندی، هیدرومتری، و حدود اتربرگ است، دستة دوم تستهای مکانیکی شامل مقاومت فشاری و خمشی، و دستة سوم آزمایشهای شیمیایی و آنالیز شیمیایی به روش XRD است. این تستها بر اساس استانداردهای ASTM و همچنین استاندارد ملی ایران (ISIRI) انجام شدهاند. در این تحقیق چهار نمونه خشت از بناهای تاریخی کاشان از عصر نوسنگی تا دورة قاجار آزمایش شدهاند. نحوة نامگذاری نمونهها بهاینصورت است که این نمونهها با حرف C (ابتدای کلمة خشت به انگلیسی) نشان داده شده و با توجه به بازة زمانی از گذشته تا امروز شمارهگذاری شدهاند. نتایج و جمعبندی: ازجمله مشخصات فیزیکی مؤثر در مقاومت و کیفیت نمونهها، وزن مخصوص یا دانسیته است. بر اساس برآوردی از آزمایشات، وزن مخصوص برای نمونة C3 بیشترین و برای نمونة C2 نیز بالاست. درصد رطوبت نیز، میزان رطوبت موجود در نمونه است و هرچه میزان آن کمتر باشد، برای نمونه مناسبتر است؛ زیرا جذب آب توسط نمونه در فصول مختلف، سبب انقباض و انبساط نمونه میشود و ایجاد ترک میکند. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش، نمونة C2 دارای کمترین و نمونة C3 دارای بیشترین میزان درصد رطوبت است. با توجه به محل نمونۀ C3، که از حصار سلجوقی تهیه گردیده و در حال حاضر فضای سبز و آبنما در مجاورت آن قرار دارد، رطوبت بیشتری جذب کرده است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| خشت؛ شهر تاریخی کاشان؛ آزمایش پایه؛ آزمایش مکانیکی؛ آزمایش شیمیایی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The study of the Characteristics of Clay in Four Historical Monuments in Kashan | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Fatemeh Parchebaf motlagh1؛ Babak Alemi2؛ Amir Hossein sadeghpour3 | ||
| 1Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Clay is one of the main earth materials used in architectural works from the past, with Iran considered as having one of the oldest histories of using earth materials based on climatic criteria. Over time, the use of these materials fell into neglect despite the county’s hot, arid climate and clay being a cheap, recyclable and highly accessible material. The importance of knowing these materials and analysing them during history is, therefore,particularly high. In addition, the sustainability and durability of some historic mud-brick buildings make it necessary to analyse and examine their materials in order to take advantage of the valuable experiences of the past and reveal their underlying techniques. Using clay and providing new solutions, therefore, is arguably pointless without examining and analysing the past. This is why we need to examine characteristic features of their construction in different historical periods to devise new solutions for their strengthening. With the aim of knowing the quantitative and geometric aspects of clay used in Iran’s historical buildings, this research has investigated these materials in historical buildings from different periods in Kashan, a rich example of the country’s historical textures. This study concernstheir appearance, chemical compounds, physical characteristics and techniques used in them, through library and field studies and various experiments and analyses of them. The results of the research can help us better know the materials and structurally analyse buildingsin order to identify and strengthen clay structures. Methods: The research method is quantitative and based on field studies and laboratory experiments. The tests are divided into three categories. The first, basic tests, include density, specific gravity, moisture content, granulation and hydrometry and Atterberg limits. The second category includes compressive and bending strength, and the third category is the chemical analysis by XRD method. These tests were performed based on ASTM as well as the National Standards of Iran (ISIRI). Four clay samples were tested from Kashan historical buildings ranging from the Neolithic to the Qajar periods. The samples werenamed with the letter C (standing for’clay’) and numbered in the order of old to new. Results & Conclusion: According to the tests conducted, one of the physical characteristics that are effective in the strength and quality of the samples is the specific weight or density. In this test, sample C3 had the highest specific weight and sample C2 also had a high specific weight. Moisture content is the amount of moisture in the sample and the lower it is, the better it is for the sample. This is because water absorption in wetter seasons causes contraction and expansion and eventually cracks. According to the obtained results, sample C2 had the lowest and sample C3 had the highest percentage of moisture. According to the location of sample C3, originated from the Seljuk fence, with a green space and a fountain currently in its vicinity, more moisture has been absorbed by the sample. In the granulation and hydrometric test, all the samples had suitable and non-uniform soil and the amount of sand in C3 and C2 samples was more than other samples. In sample C1, the percentage of gravel was much higher than other samples and due to a lot of gravel in the clay, it can be said that the grading of this sample was more inappropriate than other samples. Also, in the Atterberg test, sample C1 had inorganic clay with medium pasting properties, and samples C2 and C3 had inorganic clay with low pasting properties. While the C4 sample had inorganic silt with low compressibility, it is better to use clay to prepare clay, because it has more adhesion and the soil grains are better placed next to each other. Therefore, the soil in C4 was not found particularly suitable for making clay. The results of compressive and bending strength tests on clay samples are relatively similar. Sample C3 had the highest compressive and bending strength, followed by sample C2. The lowest amount of mechanical resistance was for sample C1. The mechanical resistance of sample C4 was also low and the reason for this was the use of recycled materials and poor-quality soil. Considering this issue, it can be said that soil has a direct effect on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the clay. In fact, in samples C3 and C2, the distribution of grain size was more suitable and the percentage of sand was higher, and this issue had created a uniform and dense texture between the grains and a stronger connection between them. Samples C1 and C4 also had non-extensive granulation, and this had prevented the creation of a uniform texture and less compressibility of the clay mass. In other words, the grain size and type of soil had a direct effect on the structure and strength of clay made from it. In addition, the specific weight and moisture contentwere also related to the mechanical structure of clay. According to the examination of clay samples, in general, it can be said that with the increase in specific weight and decrease in moisture content, the mechanical properties of clay, including compressive strength and bending strength, increase. In addition, based on the results of chemical tests, there are quartz, calcite and albite phases in all samples, and the higher the albite content in the samples, the higher the mechanical resistance. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Clay, Historical city of Kashan, Basic test, Mechanical test, Chemical test | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Amiri, M., AR. Kalantari, and H. Mehri. Knowledge of Building Materials. Tehran: Ainde Danesh. 2015. (In Persian) ASTM C128. “Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate”. in ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2023. ASTM D 422. “Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils”. in ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2007. ASTM D 854-14. “Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer”. in ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2023. ASTM D 2216., “Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass”. in ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2019. ASTM D 4318. “Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils”. In ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2018. ASTM F3419-22. “Standard Test Method for Mineral haracterization of Equine Surface Materials by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Techniques”. in ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2022. Avrami, Erica, Hubert Guillaud, and Mary Hardy. Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation. Conservation of Earthen Archaeological Sites, 2008. Behnia, K. and N. Arabi. Soil Mechanics. Tehran: Nagarande Danesh, 2013. (In Persian) Dormohammadi, M., R. Rahimnia, and M. Fotuhi Ardakani. “Laboratory Investigation of the Role of Mechanical Stabilization in Improving the Compressive, Tensile and Bending Atrength of Slay”. Housing and Village Environment. no. 168 (Winter 2018): 61-76. (In Persian) Emami, MA., S. AryaNasab, H. Ahmadi, A. Asgari Chavardi, and P.F. Caliri. “Archaeometric Methods for the Structural Analysis of Bricks Discovered from the Brick Hill of Persepolis”. Archaeological Studies, no. 2 (Autumn 2013): 1-18. (In Persian) GolestaniFard, F., MA. Bahrevar, and I. Salahi. Materials Identification and Analysis Methods. Tehran: University of Science and Technology, 2004. (In Persian) Hadian Dehkordi, M. “Studies of Soil Science of Historical and Ancient Clay Materials in Different Regions of Iran”. The Scientific Quarterly of the Work. no. 75 (Winter 2016): 85-96. (In Persian) Harris, Cyril M. Descriptive Culture of Architecture and Building. Persian Translated by MR. Afzali and Mehrdad Hashemzadeh. Tehran: Daneshyar Publications, 2002. (In Persian) Hejazi, M., M. Hashemi, E. Jamalinia, and M. Batavani. “The Effect of Additives on the Mechanical Resistance of Clay Made from Isfahan Soil”. Housing and Village Environment. no. 151 (Autumn 2013): 67-80. (In Persian) Hejazi, S.A.M., B. Hejazi, H. Mehdad, and Saba Hejazi. “Study of Earthquake Destruction of an Adobe Cell in Bam Citadel and Presentation of Its Restoration Plan”. Restoration and Architecture of Iran. vol. 9 (2014): 71-87. (In Persian) Hosseini, B. and Z. Seydain Khorasani. Bricks in Architecture, Beauty and Functionality. Tehran: Shahid Rajaee Tarbiat- e Dabir University, 2015. (In Persian) ISIRI 4980. Determination of Density, Relative Density (specific gravity) and Water Absorption of Fine Aggregate. National Standard Organization of Iran, 2016. (In Persian) ISIRI 7883, Determination of Soil Moisture Percentage. National Standard Organization of Iran. 2005. (In Persian) ISIRI 10731, Determining the Limits of Etterberg Soil. National Standard Organization of Iran. 2016. (In Persian) Ismaili, A. and M. Ghalehnovi. “The Effect of Palm Fibers and Lime as a Natural Stabilizer, on the Mechanical Characteristics of Clay (in environmental conditions with 35% moisture)”. Housing and Village Environment, no. 138 (2012): 53-62. Kouakou, Conand Honoré and Jean-Claude Morel. “Strengths and Elasto-plastic Properties of Non-industrial Building Materials Manufactured with Clay as a Natural Binder”. Applied Clay Science, vol. 44, no. 1 (2009): 27-34. Maserrat, H. From Soil to Clay (clay from the perspective of architecture and anthropology). Tehran: Yazda, 2014. (In Persian) Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Deputy of Housing and Construction. National Building Regulations, Topic 8. Tehran: Development of Iran, 2009. (In Persian) Minke, Gernot. Building with Earth, Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture. Berlin, Boston: Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture Basel, 2006. NZS 4297: Engineering design of earth buildings. (1998). Standards New Zealand: Wellingon. Pedram, B. and A. Ebrahimi. “Investigation of the Physical and Structural Properties of the Clays Used in the World Heritage Area of Bam Citadel”. Archeology Research Quarterly, no. 2 (Autumn 2016): 81-102. (In Persian) Rahimnia, R., A. Mahmoudzadeh, F. Tehrani, and A. Zamanifard. “Recognition of Native Architectural Experiences in South Khorasan, for the Protection and Restoration of Adobe Architecture”. Housing and Village Environment, no. 142 (Summer 2011): 19-32. (In Persian) Rahimnia, R. and D. Heydari. “Effect of PI Soil’s Pasty Range on Tensile and Compressive Strength of Clays Fixed with Cement for Use in the Protection of Clay Structures”. Restoration, Works and Historical-cultural Textures, vol. 2 (Winter 2019): 91-102. (In Persian) Rahimi, H. Building Materials. Tehran: University of Tehran, 2006. (In Persian) Rezazadeh, S., MR. Hosseinzadeh, and M. Moayed. “Study of Alteration, Mineralogical Composition and Physical and Chemical Properties of Industrial Soil of Yaniq with the Aim of Investigating Its Industrial Applications”. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology, vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 2013): 49-57. (In Persian) Sarmad Nahri, A. and M. Kardan. Complete Reference for Knowledge of Building Materials. Tehran: Motafakeran, 2009. (In Persian) | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 552 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 481 |
||