بهبود عملکرد دستورالعملهای ارزیابی اثرات محیطزیست با تلفیق رویکرد خدمات اکوسیستمی (مطالعه موردی: پروژههای راه و راهآهن) | ||
فصلنامه علمی توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی | ||
دوره 4، شماره 7، بهمن 1401، صفحه 142-157 اصل مقاله (1.34 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.52547/sdge.4.7.142 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
آرام پاپی1؛ رومینا سیاح نیا* 1؛ نغمه مبرقعی دینان2 | ||
1گروه برنامه ریزی و طراحی محیط، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران | ||
2گروه برنامه ریزی و طراحی محیط، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
چکیده مبسوط پیشینه و هدف: کره زمین دارای سیستمی پیچیده و بهم پیوسته است که پیشرفت تکنولوژی و افزایش رشد جمعیت و تغییر سبک زندگی انسان موجب رشد فعالیتهای انسانی و ایجاد فشار بر توان زیستکره شده است. توسعه اجتماعی و اقتصادی رابطه مستقیمی با مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی دارد. استفاده نادرست، سبب شده اکوسیستم رفتهرفته دچار تخریب شود و دولتها مجبور شدهاند در زیرساختهای طبیعی سرمایهگذاری کنند تا خدمات اکوسیستمی که در اثر احداث پروژه از بین رفتهاند را جایگزین کنند. ارزیابی اثرات محیط زیستی (EIA) از مهمترین ابزارهای مدیریت و حفاظت محیطزیست و تضمین دستیابی به توسعه پایدار نظام برنامهریزی اعلام شده است. مهمترین مسئله موردتوجه، دستیابی به سود اقتصادی از پروژهی مدنظر بوده است. نتیجه چنین رشد و توسعهای پیدایش پیامدهایی نظیر آلودگی آب و خاک، فرسایش، تخریب جنگلها، کاهش تنوع زیستی، تخریب لایه ازن، تغییرات اقلیمی و کمبود منابع شده است. به علت عدم برخورداری از ساختار اجرایی مناسب، نبود تقویم به ارزش پولی و عدم توجه به خدمات اکوسیستمی تصمیمات گرفته شده برای رد یا تأیید پروژهها غالباً دقیق و کاربردی نیست. هدف این پژوهش ایجاد یک راهنمای روششناختی، ادغام خدمات اکوسیتمی(ES) در ارزیابی اثرات محیط زیستی(EIA) است. پژوهشی جدید و کاربردی است که استفاده از آن برای پروژه راه و راهآهن بسیار مهم است؛ زیرا این پروژهها در سطح بسیار زیادی احداث شدهاند و علاوه بر نابودی قسمتی از اکوسیستم، مانع حرکت حیوانات در آشیانه اکولوژی و در طولانیمدت موجب کاهش تنوع زیستی و خدمات اکوسیستم میشوند. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش کاربردی روند اجرایی و راهکارهای رفع نواقص دستورالعمل اجرایی ارزیابی اثرات محیطزیست پروژههای راه و راهآهن با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانهای بررسی شده است. با پیبردن به نقاط ضعف، قوت، تهدید و فرصت اقدام به طراحی پرسشنامه جهت نظرسنجی کارشناسان اجرایی و خبرگان این حوزه شد. با استفاده از روش دلفی پرسشنامه بین 30 نفر از متخصصین باسابقه تخصصی بیش از 5 سال در این زمینه، گردآوری و با نرم افزار اکسل و بهرهگیری از تکنیک سوات(SWOT) تحلیل شد. یافتهها و بحث: یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد با توجه به نقطه تلاقی فرصت و ضعف باید استراتژی انطباقی استفاده شود. تلاش بر کاستن ضعفهای چون عدم وجود دستورالعمل تخصصی برای هر پروژه، اولویت قراردادن شرایط اقتصادی و نیازهای نسل حاضر، بررسی جداگانه عوامل محیطی بدون درنظرگرفتن رابطه اکولوژیکی و همچنین رسیدن به حداکثر استفاده از فرصتهای موجود از مهمترین یافتههای این پژوهش است. همچنین یافته ها نشان می دهد که خلاء های بزرگی در روند اجرایی دستورالعمل ارزیابی اثرات محیطزیست در ایران وجود دارد که یکی از مهمترین آنها نتایج کیفی این دستورالعمل و تخصصی نبودن آن برای هر پروژه است و به علت عدم برخورداری از ساختار اجرایی مناسب، عدم تقویم به ارزش پولی و عدم توجه به خدمات اکوسیستمی تصمیمات گرفته شده جهت رد یا تأیید پروژهها غالباً دقیق و کاربردی نیست. نتیجهگیری: نتایج بیانگر آن است که خلاء ارزشگذاری خدمات اکوسیستمی توسط کارشناسان درک شده و نیاز به رویکردی جدید در کشور است و می بایست علاوه بر تخصصیشدن دستورالعمل، کمی شدن نتایج ارزیابی مد نظر قرار گیرد. در پایان پیشنهاد میشود برای همه پروژههای راه و راه آهن، دستورالعمل اختصاصی ارزیابی اثرات محیطزیست تدوین و خطمشیهای قانونی ارزشگذاری همچنین اقدامات اصلاحی همچون تغییر معیارها و شاخصها ارزیابی اثرات محیطزیست، استفاده از بخش تخصصی، آگاهسازی مدیران و سیاستگذاران به اهمیت خدمات اکوسیستمی، تأسیس صندوق ملی محیطزیست بهمنظور اختصاص حقالزحمه مشاوره و حمایت از مشاورین در راستای اعتمادسازی در دستورالعملهای ارزیابی اعمال شود. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
اثرات محیطزیست؛ ارزشگذاری؛ خسارت؛ خدمات اکوسیستمی؛ راهآهن | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Improving the Performance of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines by Integrating the Ecosystem Services Approach (Case Study: Road and Railway Projects) | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Aram Papi1؛ Romina Sayahnia1؛ Naghmeh Mobarghaei2 | ||
1Department of Planning and Designing the Environment, Environmental Sciences Research Institute(ESRI), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
2Department of Planning and Designing the Environment, Environmental Sciences Research Institute(ESRI), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Extended Abstract Background and purpose This planet has a complex and interconnected system the advancement of technology and the increase in population growth and the change in human lifestyle has caused the growth of human activities and put pressure on the power of the biosphere. Social and economic development directly relates to the sustainable management of natural resources. Improper use has caused the ecosystem to deteriorate gradually, and governments have been forced to invest in natural infrastructure to replace the ecosystem services destroyed due to the project's construction. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been declared one of the essential tools for managing and protecting the environment and ensuring the sustainable development of the planning system. Unfortunately, the most important issue to be considered is the achievement of economic profit from the project in question. The result of such growth and development is the emergence of consequences such as water and soil, erosion, destruction of forests, reduction of biological diversity, destruction of the ozone layer, climate change, and data resources. Due to the lack of proper performance, lack of consideration for monetary value, and lack of attention to ecosystem services, the decisions made to reject or review projects often need to be more accurate and practical. This research aims to create a methodological guide integrating ES in EIA. This new and practical work is significant for road and railway projects. Because these projects are built on a very large scale and in addition to destroying a part of the ecosystem, they prevent the movement of animals in the ecology nest. In the long term, this will reduce biodiversity and ecosystem services. Materials and methods In this applied research, the implementation process and solutions to eliminate the executive directive's shortcomings in assessing the environmental effects of road and railway projects have been investigated using library studies. A questionnaire was designed to survey executive experts and teachers in this field based on the weaknesses, strengths, threats, and opportunities. The number of people in question was determined using the Delphi method. A questionnaire was collected among 30 experts with more than 5 years of experience in this field and analyzed by Excel software. Findings and Discussion The results have been analyzed using the SWOT technique to identify and analyze the threats and opportunities in the external environment of the Environmental Protection Organization, as well as the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization. The matrix obtained in the house is considered weaknesses and opportunities, so compatibility should be used in the form of efforts to reduce weaknesses, including lack of specialized guidelines for each project, prioritizing economic conditions and the needs of the current generation, investigating environmental factors separately without considering the ecological relationship, etc., as well as making the most of available opportunities. Through the investigations, it was concluded that there are major gaps in implementing the environmental impact assessment directive in Iran, one of the most important of which is the quality results of this directive and its lack of specialization for each project. Due to the lack of appropriate executive structure, lack of calendar to monetary value, and lack of attention to ecosystem services, the decisions taken to reject or approve projects often need to be more accurate and practical. Conclusion The results show that the weaknesses and threats of the evaluation guidelines are clear, and one of the best solutions is to quantify the evaluation results in addition to the specialization of the guidelines. On the other hand, devaluing ecosystem services has been understood by experts, and a new approach is needed in the country. In the end, it is suggested that specific guidelines for environmental impact assessment should be developed for each project. Legal valuation policies should be developed in the evaluation guidelines, as well as corrective measures such as changing environmental impact assessment criteria and indicators, using the specialized and private sectors, and informing managers and policymakers of the importance of Ecosystem services, the establishment of the National Environmental Fund in order to allocate consulting fees and support consultants in order to build trust should be applied in the evaluation guidelines. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Environmental impact, Valuation, Damage, Ecosystem services, Railways | ||
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